Grain Moisture Shrink
Conserve dry matter when reducing wet-basis moisture, then subtract an explicitly based handling deduction from the theoretical dried mass.
Use grain moisture shrink →CALCULATORS BY SUBJECT
Science & engineering calculators
Calculate physical relationships from declared units, measurements and material properties supplied by you.
42 free tools. No signup. Methods, examples and source links on every page.
Cutting Speed & Spindle RPM
Convert an entered surface speed in metres per minute and effective cutting diameter in millimetres into rotational speed.
Use cutting speed & spindle rpm →Milling Feed Rate & Travel Time
Multiply entered RPM, effective teeth and chip load, then estimate ideal feed-travel time for a defined path and number of passes.
Use milling feed rate & travel time →Flow-Weighted Concentration
Calculate a nonreactive combined concentration from up to three matched stream flows and constituent concentrations. See each stream’s contribution to the total mass rate.
Use flow-weighted concentration →Hydraulic Retention Time
Calculate nominal hydraulic retention time from working liquid volume and representative throughflow. Keep the ideal ratio separate from real mixing or treatment performance.
Use hydraulic retention time →Wastewater Mass Loading
Estimate a daily constituent mass rate from representative liquid flow and mg/L concentration. Extend the same constant conditions over an entered period.
Use wastewater mass loading →Pipe Flow Velocity
Calculate pipe velocity from flow rate and actual internal diameter. Enter L/s, L/min, m³/h or U.S. gpm with mm or inches, and see mean velocity in m/s and ft/s.
Use pipe flow velocity →Sensible Heat Energy
Calculate signed ideal heat transfer from mass, an entered specific heat and a temperature change. Keep material energy separate from heater input and losses.
Use sensible heat energy →Irrigation Volume, Depth & Runtime
Convert a user-selected net application depth into gross water volume and constant-flow runtime.
Use irrigation volume, depth & runtime →Tank Fill & Drain Time
Calculate ideal inventory-change time from simultaneous constant inflow and outflow.
Use tank fill & drain time →Boiler Blowdown Energy Scenario
Thermal energy above the makeup state is blowdown kilograms × (blowdown enthalpy − makeup enthalpy) ÷ 3,600, giving kWh from kJ.
Use boiler blowdown energy scenario →Cooling Tower Concentration Ratios
Conductivity cycles = circulating conductivity ÷ makeup conductivity.
Use cooling tower concentration ratios →Cooling Tower Water Balance
Accounted makeup requirement is the sum of evaporation, blowdown, drift, leakage and overflow during one common period.
Use cooling tower water balance →Fan Affinity Law Scenario
Let r be new speed divided by positive reference speed.
Use fan affinity law scenario →Fan Air Power
Air power in kW = actual cubic metres per second × pressure rise in Pa ÷ 1,000.
Use fan air power →Ideal Flash Steam Fraction
Ideal flash mass fraction = (initial liquid enthalpy − final saturated-liquid enthalpy) ÷ (final saturated-vapor enthalpy − final saturated-liquid enthalpy).
Use ideal flash steam fraction →Heat Exchanger Thermal Duty
Signed heat removed in kW = mass flow in kg/s × enthalpy drop in kJ/kg.
Use heat exchanger thermal duty →Heat Exchanger LMTD
Counterflow terminal approaches are hot-in minus cold-out and hot-out minus cold-in.
Use heat exchanger lmtd →Heat Exchanger UA Scenario
Effective UA in kW/K = entered thermal duty in kW ÷ (applicable correction factor × reviewed LMTD in K).
Use heat exchanger ua scenario →Measured Heat Pump COP
Coefficient of performance is useful heating or cooling output divided by electrical input on matching energy and time boundaries.
Use measured heat pump cop →Ideal Gas Volume Scenario
The ideal-gas equation is pV = nRT.
Use ideal gas volume scenario →Machining Power & Torque
Ideal cutting kW = removal rate in cm³/min × specific cutting force in N/mm² ÷ 60,000.
Use machining power & torque →Milling Material Removal Rate
Rectangular-engagement removal rate in cm³/min = axial millimetres × radial millimetres × table feed in mm/min ÷ 1,000.
Use milling material removal rate →Pipe Pressure-Drop Scenario
Convert diameter to metres and flow to m³/s.
Use pipe pressure-drop scenario →Process Heating Time Scenario
Net thermal power is entered available output minus the coincident loss input.
Use process heating time scenario →Process Steam Consumption Scenario
Usable kWh per kilogram = (steam inlet enthalpy − outlet condensate enthalpy) × transfer-effectiveness fraction ÷ 3,600.
Use process steam consumption scenario →Pump Affinity Law Scenario
For an ideal fixed-geometry centrifugal-pump similarity scenario, r = new speed / reference speed.
Use pump affinity law scenario →Pump Hydraulic Power
Hydraulic kW = fluid density × standard gravity 9.80665 m/s² × flow in m³/s × differential head in metres ÷ 1,000.
Use pump hydraulic power →Refinery Stated-Basis Yield Scenario
Main-product yield is main output divided by the explicitly entered qualifying input, multiplied by 100.
Use refinery stated-basis yield scenario →Reynolds Number
Dynamic-property mode uses Re = density × velocity × characteristic length ÷ dynamic viscosity.
Use reynolds number →Selected-Population Seeding Rate
Bulk seed count per acre = your target plants per acre ÷ [germination fraction × (1 − post-germination stand-loss fraction)].
Use selected-population seeding rate →Sludge Retention Time Scenario
Nominal solids retention time in days = solids inventory in kilograms ÷ (external wasted solids + external effluent solids in kg/day).
Use sludge retention time scenario →Reviewed Nutrient Rate & Credits
Remaining nutrient rate = max(locally reviewed base rate − the two applicable entered credits, 0).
Use reviewed nutrient rate & credits →Solution Dilution Arithmetic
On matching compatible mass-per-volume or molar concentration bases, stock concentration × stock volume = target concentration × final solution volume.
Use solution dilution arithmetic →Solution Mass Percentage
Mass percentage = solute mass ÷ total solution mass × 100.
Use solution mass percentage →Solution Molarity from Mass
Pure solute grams = entered bulk grams × purity fraction.
Use solution molarity from mass →Beam Elastic Stress vs Reviewed Allowable
Axial stress magnitude in MPa is kN × 1,000 ÷ area in mm².
Use beam elastic stress vs reviewed allowable →Ideal Cantilever Beam Deflection
The only modeled load/support case is a perfectly fixed cantilever with one concentrated end load and constant E and I.
Use ideal cantilever beam deflection →Planar Thermal Conduction
Area-normalized resistance in m²·K/W is the sum of each layer’s thickness in metres divided by conductivity in W/(m·K).
Use planar thermal conduction →Treatment Concentration & Mass Removal
Concentration reduction percent = (inlet − outlet concentration) ÷ inlet concentration × 100.
Use treatment concentration & mass removal →Turning Material Removal Rate
For the stated turning relation, material removal in cm³/min is surface speed in m/min × depth of cut in mm × feed in mm/revolution.
Use turning material removal rate →Wastewater Solids Inventory
Estimated solids kilograms = working liquid volume in m³ × representative concentration in mg/L × 0.001.
Use wastewater solids inventory →Before you use these calculations
Choose a consistent unit system and use the actual operating condition, geometry and material properties.
Check the model assumptions: steady flow, constant properties, ideal mixing or linear behavior may not fit your system.
Use these arithmetic results alongside the relevant design review. They do not select operating limits, certify equipment or replace a design standard.
Start with the example, replace the assumptions with your measurements, then change one input to see its effect. Save or export the scenario if you need to keep its basis.
How Case calculators are built and checked →Read practical calculation guides or browse another industry.